مجله آبیاری و زهکشی ایران
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (خرداد و تیر 1399)

Given the limited availability of water resources, population growth and hygiene, maintaining a groundwater resources with good quality is important. Agriculture and the continued use of fertilizer in cultivated lands lead to contamination of groundwater resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of application and amount of biochar and straw application on nitrate and nitrite leaching. This study was based on a randomized complete block design with treatments: control (CO), Wheat straw 5 mm thick (SM5), Wheat straw at 10mm (SM10), Straw at a rate of 5 ton / ha (ST5), Straw at a rate of 10 ton / ha(ST10), Biochar at a rate of 2.5 ton / ha (BT2.5) and Biochar at a rate of 5 ton / ha (BT5). Results showed that biochar and straw application had significant effect on nitrate and nitrite leaching at 95% level. The highest decrease in cumulative nitrate concentration occurred in BT2.5 treatment (23%). Whereas in ST10 treatment the concentration of cumulative nitrate increased (64%). Nitrite content in all treatments decreased during the cultivation period and the highest decrease in cumulative nitrite concentration occurred in BT5 treatment (94%). The use of biochar and straw leads to a decrease in the concentration of cumulative leaching nitrite. Biochar application reduces leaching nitrate concentration and straw application as a more effective layer than its combination with soil (ton / ha).

Regional estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is crucial in agricultural water management, cropping pattern and crop yield forecasting.The main purpose of this study is evaluation of actual evapotranspiration estimations of Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam (GLEAM) model of Karkhe basin, southwest of Iran. GLEAM outputs include different set of RS-based estimations, i.e. transpiration, interception, bare soil evaporation, open water evaporation and snow sublimation. In current research, the GLEAM estimation of actual evapotranspiration were compared by water balance approach (assuming a watertight basin) using coefficient of determination (R2). The corresponding values of R2 for the each study stations across the Karkhe basin namely Aran-e-Gharb,Pirsalman,Nazarabad,Polchehr,Paypol,Poldokhtar,Tangsazbon, Pole-e-kaskhan were 0.66, 0.62,0.77,0.84,0.59,0.49,0.56 and 0.66 Similarly, the RMSE values were 0.7, 0.62, 0.74, 0.25 0.45, 0.87, 0.73 and 0.51. The MAE of same comparisons were found to be 0.52, 0.43, 0.58, 0.18 0.3, 0.71, 0.53 and 0.36. Besides the relative deviation of GLEAM dataset estimations and those obtained from water balance method were calculated as -21,-3.73,-4.96,-4.19,-19.61,-2.39,-3.64,-25.18. The best agreement by all statistical indices was observed in Polchehr sub-basin. The results of this study indicated that RS-based estimations of GLEAM model can be used in Karkhe basin, especially in regions with lack of sufficient observed data.

Development of water accounting frameworks is one of the most important infrastructures in water resources management. New technologies, including remote sensing and hydrology models, have been developed around the world to manage water balance components. The objective of this paper is assessing the status of water resources and consumptions by developing and applying WA+ framework in the Rokh-Nieshaboor basin in data scarcity condition. For this purpose, a combined approach has been applied to the use of satellite measurements and hydrological modelling.and developing water resources and consumption sheet Checked out for the basin for three years, wet, normal and dry year. Water resources and consumption in the basin were also assessed by defining different performance indices during this period.The results showed that this approach along with application of WA+ framework can provide valuable results from the conditions and status of water resources and consumptions in the studied basin.In the developed sheets, the results of " Landscape evapotranspiration " in different land uses, as well as the share of water consumption in agricultural sectors using the concepts of " Incremental evapotranspiration" (610 million cubic meters), drinking (15 million cubic meters) and industry (2 Million cubic meters) presented separately. The analysis of performance indices showed that the basin is in a water scarcity conditions and ratio of consumed water to renewable water in the study period was more than 1, indicating the instability of the basin and the first result would be social and economic problems.

Rice production is the main activity of agricultural economy in Guilan province. Rice is sensible to water deficit and its occurrence results in yield penalty. The present study estimated the economic value of rice irrigation water in Guilan province to determine the value of this scarce input in this province. To determine the economic value of irrigation water, the production function approach and cross-sectional data of 2014-2015 from 544 paddy fields were analyzed using cluster sampling method in the province. The data used include the amount of different inputs, the amount of yield, the cost of inputs, and the value of yield. Field data were prepared from three approaches including: eliminating outliers and extreme observations (the first approach) based on box plot, use of yield-input equation for selecting data set (the second approach), and selecting field data based on Agricultural-Jihad Organization standard pattern of paddy input-yield levels in different regions of Guilan province (the third approach). The results showed that the average economic values per cubic meter of irrigation water in paddy fields of Guilan province were 15240, 17280, and 17240 Rials, respectively.

In order to investigate the quantity and quality of irrigation on quantitative traits of Rosmarinus Officinalis L., an experiment was conducted in center of seed and plant production of IranShahr municipality in 2017. The treatments were laid out in single-split strip plots based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. The treatments were comprised of irrigation regimes consisted of four irrigation levels (100, 85, 70 and 55 percent water replacement) in main plot and sub plot consisted of three water quality (groundwater, wastewater and integrated irrigation (50 percent with groundwater and 50 percent with wastewater)). Results showed that dry weight, number of shoots, plant height and water productivity in irrigation with wastewater increased 13.2, 19.3, 18.6 and 13.3 percent respectively and irrigation with integrated irrigation increased 4.1, 5.9, 5.4 and 3.8 percent respectively compared with irrigation with well water. Also in comparison to 100 and 85 percent water replacement, parsimony of water usage equal 348 m3 (15 percent) achieved. Moreover dry weight, number of shoots and plant height decreased 4.6, 6.9 and 7.1 percent respectively but water use efficiency increased 11.3 percent. According to the results, 85 percent water replacement with wastewater, in addition to saving water consumption, provides better use of soil moisture and sunlight. Thus this treatment can be considered as suitable approach to cope with the water crisis and achieve a sustainable agriculture.

Water scarcity has become a serious crisis due to population growth, climate change, industrial development and human intervention, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. A large percentage of agricultural lands in the world and Iran are irrigated by surface irrigation methods. The three-dimensional model of Kauffman, Corrigan and Johnson and Delphi method were used for educational needs assessment of farmers. water users' awareness of educational needs from the three perspectives of ‘farmers’, ‘experts and officials’ and ‘educational process executives’ for farmers were 3.31±1.23, 2.23±0.76 and 2.20±0.95 (The total score was 5) and for horticulturists were 3.50±1.15, 2.27±0.80 and 2.36±0.81, respectively. The status of farmers knowledge in most educational needs, especially from experts and educational executives, is less than average (Score 3). The most important educational needs based on three perspectives were "time management of different stages of irrigation", "adaptation of farm management with irrigation system type " and "management of water use during drought and water scarcity", respectively. Also, "garden constructing principles for more productivity", "knowledge of different types and stages of financial facilities" and "environmental problems of unconventional water use " for horticulturists. The findings of this study showed the priorities of defining the educational headings and training courses for farmers with surface irrigation system. In addition to farmers education, the focus should be on capacity building of farmers education organizations.

Deficit irrigation is one of the limiting factors of crop production. An experiment in a split plot randomized complete block design with three replications on tomato in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during the 2018 cropping season. Treatments included; usual irrigation, fixed partial root-zone drying and alternative partial root-zone drying (main plot) and deficit irrigation100, 75, 50% irrigation requirement (sub plot). Effect irrigation methods and different levels of deficit irrigation had significant on number, weight, diameter, firmness, vitamin C and pH fruit. Maximum shoot dry weight of 153.96 g.plant-1, number of fruits per plant (58), number of fruits per square meter (163), single fruit weight 46.03 g, fruit diameter 98.48 mm, vitamin C 9.47 mg.gfw-1, fruit yield 4.46 kg.m-2 was observed in usual irrigation method. The highest amount of lycopene was 84.85 mg.gfw-1, fruit firmness 3.93 Kg.cm-2, pH 4.58, water use efficiency of 4.46 kg.m-3, 2 was observed in fixed partial root-zone drying irrigation. The results showed that the highest yield among irrigation methods, respectively in conventional irrigation method, ; usual irrigation, fixed partial root-zone drying and alternative partial root-zone drying and maximum water use efficiency in fixed partial root-zone drying irrigation method and 75% water requirement observed.

The increase in population in the country needs to increase the agricultural products. It is necessary to use new techniques to increase performance and make maximum use of available water resources. Priming decreasesthe cultivation period. Therefore, the total water requirement during the growing season will be reduced.The magnetized water has effects on some of the morphological characteristics of the plant, improve them. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetized water and seed priming on growth characteristics of bell pepper in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. This research was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with five replications and two priming factors with two levels (without priming and hydropriming) and magnetic field intensity with three levels (zero, 0.3 and 0.6 Tesla). The results have been shown that magnetized water was significant at 1% probability level on leaf area, shoot length, fresh and dry weight of shoot but on fresh and dry weight of leaf at 5% probability level Seed hydro priming was also significant on root diameter and stem length at 5% probability level. The interaction effects of treatments were significant on root length, root dry weight at 1% probability level, and on root surface, root volume, root fresh weight at 5% probability level.The use of magnetized water with 0.3 and 0.6 Tesla magnetic intensity increased the leaf area by 13.1% and 20.93%, 13.73% and 15.69% leaf fresh weight, respectively, and the highest stem fresh weight (0.27 g) in magnetizes water as irrigation was 0.6 Tesla and its lowest (0.2 g) was observed in ordinary water treatment. The highest root volume was observed in 0.6 Tesla magnetic intensity and seed hydro priming treatment (0.24 cm3). The highest (0.53 g) root fresh weight was observed in 0.3 Tesla and seed hydro priming and the lowest (0.39 g) in 0.3 Tesla, magnetic intensity, seed treatment without seed priming. As a result, irrigation with magnetized water and seed hydro priming resulted in improvement of morphological properties of bell pepper transplant.

Iran’s climate is arid and semi-arid and subject to droughts and water crises In order to alleviate water crises, international trade of Agricultural Products can play a significant role in redistributing water resources because the traded goods contain a large amount of virtual water. Therefore, this research focuses on a comprehensive study of Iran’s water footprint and virtual water trade using three specific water named Green water, Blue water and Grey water. Using the concept of virtual water introduced by Allan 1994 and developed by Hoekstra and Hung (2002), we estimated virtual water trade for all crops of Iran during 2016-2018. The results show that Average virtual water export of Iran is 6.232 billion m3/year and virtual water import is 18.838 billion m3/year and in general, Iran is a net importer of virtual water during this time period. Virtual water import to Iran are mainly through green water and green water contribute to 75.21% of total virtual water import. The blue water is the largest of Iran’s virtual water exporter and contribute to 65.36 % of total virtual water export. Iran mainly imports green virtual water from the India, Russia, Brazil, England, Switzerland, Singapore and Pakistan and mainly exports blue virtual water to the Iraq, UAE, Vietnam, Pakistan, India, Hong Kong, Russia. The 94 % of virtual water exported by Iran is linked to Fruits and Nuts. Which are mainly through Pistachio, dates, apples, peppers and tomatoes. Also, 81% of Iran’s virtual water imports are from cereals. Finally, it was found that spatial distance and having a common land-sea border had a positive impact on Iran's virtual water trade and most of the virtual water imports and exports were with countries that had a common border with Iran. Also, importing virtual water through importing agricultural products can save water at national level.

A good understanding of the river natural flow regime plays an important role in many hydrological studies. In integrated water resources management, it is necessary to determine the environmental flow in river systems that affect the health of river habitats, water-dependent systems and aquatic life. In the present study were calculated and evaluated hydrological methods (Tennant, Q50 and Q90, Esmakhtin, flow duration curve shifting (FDC Shifting), Texas and Water Quality) and hydraulic (Wetted Primer) estimating the environmental flow of the Qarasoo River in different months of the year. Based on the results of this study, for the protection of the Qarasoo River in the minimum acceptable environmental conditions, FDC Shifting method in management class C with a flow of 0.96 m3/s (53 Percent Mean Annual Flow) in this study due to the consideration of biodiversity management classes and the proper adaptation of the pattern changes within the year of environmental flow and the mean annual flow and its flexibility with respect to changes in the monthly flows river under study. On the other hand, the efficacy, flexibility and effectiveness of the Tenntant, Q90 and Smakhtin methods are not sufficient to protect the river habitat under study due to an inappropriate estimate environmental flow. Also, comparison of water allocation for environmental flow with Wetted Primer and Tennant methods in the studied river showed that shortage of flow is observed in summer and winter seasons (river flow is less than environmental flow). Finally, it was concluded that other environmental flow methods provide values above 20% of the mean annual flow, which provide better flow protection for the river habitat. It is noteworthy that the Wetted Primer and Tennant methods, with assigning a more portion of the river flow regime to the environmental segment, should be used with caution in summer. The optimal environmental flow regime will be effective when released and provided in the river at the appropriate time to continue bio-activities, river habitat performance and the preservation of the river bed morphological conditions.

Drought is one of the natural destructive phenomena which cause a lot of damage to the affected area. In this study, outputs of Fifth climate change report were used to investigate changes in precipitation and drought intensity at Birjand Synoptic Station during the next two periods. Precipitation data for two near future periods (2015-2045) and far future period (2045-2075) against base period (1975-2005) were downscaled using two scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5 using the LARS-WG model. Then the SPI values were determined for six time scales 1,3,6,12,24 and 48 months. The results showed that in most models, precipitation changes for both the near and far future periods would not be much higher than the base period. However, precipitation will drop further in the near future (2045-2075) than in the near future (2015-2045). Among the GCM models, the CanESM2 model shows the highest change over the base period and the RCP8.5 scenario estimates a lower rainfall than the RCP4.5 scenario. Also, in comparing the GCM models, NorESM1-M estimates the number of years with more severe drought. The results also showed that in future periods, as the SPI time period increases from short to long intervals, SPI values will show more severe drought conditions. Models uncertainty analysis also showed that the highest uncertainty value among models for long-term and short-term SPIs was related to NorESM1-M and Mpi-esm-mr models, respectively. The overall results also indicate an increase in severity and duration of drought in the future (especially the distant future).

One of the most important decisions of the water industry consultants is the decision to bid or not to bid in the international tenders, because the consequences of this decision have a major role in the success or failure of these organizations. The purpose of this study is to identify the criteria that affect the bid/no-bid decision in international bidding for the water industry using two different tools, the first tool consisting of statistical analysis on questionnaires and the second tool, including text mining. 5 main criteria with 62 sub-criteria and their weight were identified through questionnaire analysis, and 5 main criteria with 35 sub-criteria were identified through interview text mining. Given the high similarity of the criteria and sub-criteria identified by the two tools, the final result of the study consists of 5 main criteria and 68 sub-criteria. The main criteria in order of importance are financial issues, bidding company considerations, employer specifications, project specifications and contract specifications, bidders, and competitors. The results show a high degree of alignment between these tools. From the high concordance of the results of these two tools, it can be concluded that the identified factors have acceptable accuracy and generalizability and that the firms can use these factors.

In order to study effect of deficit irrigation and cultivar on yield and yield components of soybean, a field ‎experiment was conducted at the Ordukhan Agricultural Research Center, Heart Province-Afghanistan ‎‎(Geographical longitude: 62°11'29" east and geographical latitude: 34°20'35" north) during the cropping ‎season 2017-2018. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete ‎block design with three replications. Deficit irrigation with three levels (70 (no stress), 90 (moderate stress) and ‎‎110 (severe stress) mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) were considered as main plots and ‎cultivars with four levels (Glway, Stine, Hong and LD04) were allocated as sub plots. Analysis of variance ‎showed that the deficit irrigation had significant effect on number of pods per plant, number of grains per ‎pod, 100 grains weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index The effect of cultivar on all traits and ‎the effect of interaction between two factors on 100 grains weight were significant. The results showed that ‎the deficit irrigation at 110 mm evaporation (severe stress) cased of significantly reduced of all traits. The ‎lowest number of pods per plant (109.8 pods), number of grains per pod (2.4 grains), 100 grains weight ‎‎(15.27g), biological yield (7363 kg/ha), grain yield (2899 kg/ha) and harvest index (35.5%) were obtained in ‎‎110 mm evaporation. The means of traits at 70 mm (no stress) and 90 mm (moderate stress) evaporation had ‎no significant difference. The LD04 cultivar had the highest grain yield (3793 kg/ha), because this cultivar had ‎optimum yield components. Simple correlation coefficient of traits showed that the grain yield had positive ‎significant correlation with biological yield, number of pods per plant, plant height, number of grains per pod. ‎Based on, these results deficit irrigation up to 90 mm evaporation can be considered.‎

Around the world, the Penman-Monteithe-FAO model is used as a reference method to estimate reference ‎evapotranspiration. This method requires a lot of input data, which in many cases are difficult to access, so ‎it is necessary to replace simpler models with low inputs and good accuracy. Therefore, the purpose of this ‎study was to evaluate the accuracy and capability of Bayesian Network and Support Vector Machine ‎models in estimating reference evapotranspiration and comparing it with the Penman-Monteithe-FAO ‎model. For input data, monthly data of Khoramabad synoptic station including: maximum and minimum ‎temperature, maximum and minimum relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed in period 1990-‎‎2016 (420 months) were used. Based on the effect of input parameters on output, six input patterns were ‎determined for modeling. 70% of data were used for training and 30% for model validation. The results ‎showed that pattern number 5 includes: maximum Temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, minimum ‎temperature and minimum relative humidity in has the best accuracy all models. This model in test phase, ‎has R2 = 0.97 and RMSE = 0.93 in the Bayesian network and 8.9 R2 = 0 and RMSE = 0.41 in support ‎Vector Machine with radial basis functions kernel. Comparison of the performance of the models showed ‎the superiority of the vector machine model over the other models with AARE of 0.0525 and MR of 0.005.‎

This study aimed in the 2017-2018 year to investigate the effect of subsurface drip irrigation on the volume of irrigation water, growth variables and root distribution for the sugarcane first ratoon. For this purpose, the management of subsurface drip irrigation with closed end furrow irrigation (as control) were studied. Three measurement plots/pilots were selected in each field. Number of plants, number of green leaves, leaf length and width over one meter were counted and measured six times at 91, 99, 105, 112, 119 and 128 days after harvesting of plant, respectively. The results showed that by applying the subsurface drip irrigation in sugarcane and its proper management, no matter the depth of application or the specific space of the emitters, on average about 31% will save on irrigation water. Number of Leaf and leaf length and leaf width were not significantly different in both irrigations. The number of stems and leaf area index in subsurface drip irrigation had significant difference with irrigation in levels of 95 and 99 percent, respectively. The mean of leaf area index in subsurface drip irrigation and furrow irrigation were 4.1 and 2.7, respectively, and this index, in the subsurface drip irrigation was 34% higher than the average of furrow irrigation. The active depth of preservative roots was up to 120 and 143 cm vertically and horizontally in subsurface drip irrigation and up to 100 and 104 cm in furrow irrigation, respectively. This indicates that the roots in subsurface drip irrigation are about 17% and 27% deeper and wider than furrow irrigation, and also were finer and deeper than the furrow irrigation. In subsurface and furrow drip irrigation, about 96% and 98% of the vertical roots, respectively, were propagated at a depth of 60 cm. Keywords: Leaf area index, Root extension, Sugarcane, Irrigation water, Sub-surface drip irrigation

Crop growth simulation models are one of the most advanced tools used today to estimate yield and optimize crop yields. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of DSSAT-CERES-Wheat version 4.7 plant model to simulate the phenological stages and wheat yield of Anfaram 4 for Birjand weather conditions. For this purpose, a randomized complete block design with 3 replications was conducted at research field of agriculture, University of Birjand in 2016-2017. The treatments consisted of different levels of irrigation I1, I2, I3 and I4, respectively 125, 100, 75 and 50% of plant water requirement and I5 including rain fed with one supplementary irrigation. The results showed that the values of wheat genetic coefficients including P1V, P1D, P5, G1, G2, G3 and PHINT at model calibration stage were 25, 0, 17, 20.5, 30.16, 1.982 and 30, respectively. At the validation stage, the lowest and highest NRMSE values were observed in the estimation of pollination date (5.75%) and dry matter (18.37%), respectively. Therefore, it can conclude that DSSAT model simulated the phenological stages and yield of wheat for Birjand region.

Stability of hydraulic structures is one of the main problem that usually researchers focused on it. Bed change around the hydraulic structures caused by flow is one of this effected items on stability. In this research, the scouring and sedimentation downstream of gate with different angles (30, 45, 60 and 75 degrees) has been investigated with Flow-3D software. This simulation results illustrated that Flow-3D software in addition to the prediction of scour depth and sedimentation high with R2=0.9, have acceptable results of bed shape change in simulation. The erodible bed changes showed that with increasing of angle up to 45 degrees, scour depth will increase up to 3.4 times of flow jet thickness, while for gate with 60 degrees this amount is minimum and equal to 2.8. Distance of scour and sedimentation maximum depth and high for 60 degrees was about 12 times of flow jet thickness, also wide and length of composed vortex downstream of gate were about equal to flow depth and 16 to 17 times of flow jet thickness, respectively. The vortex circulation between separation stream layer and gate, and its velocity is 10 percent of jet velocity which rotate counter clockwise. So gate with angle of 60 degrees according to scour depth and sedimentation high was the best angle for design.

In order to obtain the latera arrangements and distance between emitters in Drip irrigation, the soil moisture distribution should be considered. The variety in pore sizes and permeability of each layer beside the changes in influential forces (mostly matrix and gravity), cause the wetted pattern in layered soils to be different from homogeneous soil. The present research studies wetted zone in layered soils. In addition, some scientific-experimental equations with the help of dimensional analysis and the Buckingham π theorem were suggested to estimate the size of the wetted perimeter. There were six sets of experiments including different sequences of three soil textures (light, moderate and heavy) and under discharge 4 liters per hour for drip irrigation. The experiments were conducted in a physical model with transparent walls. At the end of irrigation, the lowest depth of advance was related to S2 (light to moderate to heavy). The highest wetted diameter was related to the S2 soil treatment (with the least depth of advance). The lowest wetted soil diameter at the end of irrigation was related to S6 treatment (moderate to heavy on light), which had almost more depth in this treatment than other treatments. The reason is the low difference between medium and heavy textures. That is, the delay time of the moisture front to cross the common boundary of the two layers was less. The information obtained in this study can be used to design and manage drip irrigation systems.

The use of metaheuristic optimization algorithms in the optimal management of surface water reservoirs systems has expanded considerably in recent years. The reason for this can be seen in the diversity and number of constraints of these systems, a large number of decision variables, and the multiplicity of objectives of these systems. In this research, the Grasshopper optimization algorithm as one of the new metaheuristic optimization algorithms, has been used for the management of reservoir dams. Dez Reservoir Dam has been selected as a case study for two separate simple operation and hydropower production problems (60, 120, 240 and 480 variables). In addition to the usual constraints on reservoir operation, the time reliability, volume reliability constraints as well as the provision of at least a percentage of the monthly requirement in the months with unmet demands are included in this research. The results of this study showed that in different scenarios, the Grasshopper optimization algorithm was able to improve the optimal solution by about 0.5 to 12%. However, as the number of decision variables increases, the efficiency of this algorithm is reduced compared to the genetic algorithm. Regarding the stability of the solutions, in most cases the Grasshopper optimization algorithm yielded better results. In terms of runtime, the grasshopper algorithm converged about 20 to 50 percent faster than the genetic algorithm. The results of comparing the grasshopper optimization algorithm with genetic algorithm indicate the high capability of this algorithm in solving the reservoir operation optimization problem.

Estimating the parameters of infiltration equation and Manning’s roughness coefficient are essential for the optimal design and evaluation of surface irrigation systems. The present study was carried out to calibrate these coefficients for a closed-end border irrigation system with four series of field information. In this regard, the hydraulic surface water flow is simulated using zero-inertia model by WinSRFR simulation model that linked to the particle swarm optimization algorithm for repetitive calculations. The objective function of the optimization problem was the minimization of the difference between the calculated and measured times of advance and recession phases, and four coefficients of the modified Kostiakov equation and Manning’s roughness coefficient were considered as decision variables. The sensitivity analysis of the developed model showed that the coefficient b of infiltration equation in the recession phase and the Manning’s roughness coefficient in the advance phase have the most errors in the predicted results. The results showed that based on the optimized parameters in the model, the values of root mean square error, RMSE, were obtained between 3.77 to 12.86 minutes and the coefficients of residual mass were varied between -0.099 and 0.003 to predict the advance and recession times in the four experimental irrigations. Based on results, with optimization of WinSRFR model, there is accessibility to achieve in application efficiency and distribution uniformity about 86 and 84 percent, respectively (with adequacy about 100 percent) by flow variable (inflow rate and cutoff time).

Climate change has relatively great effects on water demand of plants by changing temperature and precipitation pattern. this investigation aims was to predict temperature and precipitation in The new future and to evaluate their effects on evapo-transpiration and water demand of alfalfa plant in Bardsir region in kerman province. The best equation for estimating real evaporation-transpiration in the region was derived by using measured data obtained by a lysimetric device in during 7 months. For this purpose, 6 common equations were studied in addition to artificial neural network techniques under different scenarios. The best equation among the presented ones was Blaney-Criddle with R2= 0.884, RMSE=0.11 and the best artificial neural network scenario was mean daily temperature scenario with R2=0.802, RMSE=1.516. Therefore, the Blaney-Criddle equation was selected as a reference for prediction. Then, the GFDI-ESM2M model was used to simulate precipitation and temperature for the near future 2020-2050. Observed Temperature and precipitation data. which were obtained from a weather station in the region, were used for the reference period of 1987-2016. Temperature and precipitation changes trends were by extracted three scenarios; under optimistic RCP2.6, medium RCP6 and pessimistic RCP8.5 scenarios, during 2020-2050. The results showed that the mean temperature for mentioned three scenarios increased by 2.5, 2.8 and 3.1 Celsius degree in the 2050 respectively, and precipitation remained virtually unchanged. In this regard, it is expected that agricultural water demand will increase 3.64, 4.69 and 5.25 mm per year, respectively compared with the reference period.

Increasing water productivity is one of the mechanisms for water use management, and economic methods such as water pricing, are one of the solutions that reduce water consumption and increase water productivity. In this research, the impact of water pricing on increasing the water productivity in the irrigation network of Qazvin plain by the aid of modern irrigation systems was investigated. Therefore, regarding existing information comprised of network construction costs, ongoing costs and other expenditures, the cost for per cubic meter of water in the irrigation network of Qazvin plain was estimated based on the engineering economics method in 2018. Then, according to the cropping pattern of the network, the net irrigation requirement of each crop and its associated costs and incomes, the economic productivity of each crop was investigated regarding to four different scenarios The results illustrated that the price of water sales in the irrigation network is much lower than its real price. Water pricing in irrigation network due to a rise in farming costs has led to encouraging farmers to implement modern irrigation systems as well, and consequently resulted in a reduction in water consumption and increased water productivity in the irrigation network of Qazvin plain. Thus, if farmers implemented modern irrigation systems in their fields, economic water productivity in the network would increase and the government could sell the water to the farmers at a realistic price.

In designing and implementing irrigation systems, it is essential to know how Wetting Pattern form soils and their components. Simulation for each design and management scenario, in addition to highly acceptable results, saves time. The main purpose of this study was to provide equations for determination of soil moisture pattern in subsurface irrigation from point source. For this purpose, by applying dimensional analysis, the Schwartzman and zur equation for subsurface drip irrigation from point source was modified. By constructing a physical model and using three types of sand, loam and silty clay loam texture, the equations coefficients were extracted and 9 equations were obtained. For the developed simulation model in three soil type, RMSE values was smaller than 2.47, 1.27 and 3.01 cm for wetted width, upper and lower trickle placement respectively. It was found that performance of model was good with model efficiency greater than 81% for all cases. Therefore, it can be used to describe wetted depths and widths of soil under SDI system with point source of water application.

One of the general principles of sustainable landscape management strategies that urban planners have outlined for the success and expansion of green space in arid and semi-arid areas is the use of lower quality water resources. Among the different sources of wastewater and recyclable sources, domestic wastewater is a top priority due to its high volume and better quality after the treatment processes. Therefore, it is believed that urban wastewater effluent can be used as water needed for urban and forest parks, on the outskirts of cities and industrial complexes to develop green space and reduce air pollution. For this purpose, we investigated the effect of water, effluent and wastewater on the germination characteristics of the Fraxinus excelsior. This design is a completely randomized design with three replications in the treatment plant of Parkandabad 1 in 1395-1396. Experimental treatments consisted of irrigation with ordinary water, wastewater and wastewater. Each experimental treatment was performed at 4 levels of irrigation (50, 80, 100 and 120 plants water requirement) and applied to the seeds by weight method. The results showed that the mentioned treatments resulted in a significant difference in germination percentage, sperm germination rate at 1% and significant difference at 5% level in sparrow seed vigor index between treatments. The effect of treatments on chlorophyll a, b and t had significant effect at 5% level between treatments. The effect of irrigation treatments with ordinary water, wastewater and wastewater on the amount of zinc, copper and lead leaf of ash leaf had a significant effect at 5% level between treatments.

In this research, a new downscaling method was proposed to improve the spatial resolution of Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) soil moisture estimates with the use of higher resolution from the visible/infrared satellite (MODIS). The model relies on a physical linear relationship between the soil moisture content and shortwave infrared transformed reflectance (STR). Finally, the physical downscaling model was compared against the traditional empirical triangle method to evaluate the performance of using STR in place of land surface temperature (LST). In this study, MODIS and SMAP satellites observations from 2015 to 2018 were used and the evaluation of the downscaled soil moisture was undertaken at the COSMOS sites in Arizona. Results show that while both downscaling algorithms have decreased Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values, the performance of physical algorithm generally is better than empirical. However, the spatial correlation (R) values decreased using downscaling algorithms, but the RMSE values improved from 0.032 of SMAP soil moisture to 0.3 and 0.031 for the physical and empirical downscaling algorithms, respectively. Also the values of bias improved from 0.011 of SMAP soil moisture to 0.0016 and 0.0076 for the physical and empirical downscaling algorithms, respectively. In conclusion, the result show the proposed physical downscaling algorithm nicely improves the limited spatial variability of SMAP soil moisture and replacing LST with STR can yield a new insight on the downscaling issues.

Indiscriminate consumption of water in the agricultural sector has led to a decrease in renewable water resources in Iran. Simultaneous development and management of new irrigation systems is one of the important strategies to reduce agricultural water consumption. In the present study, land suitability classification map for drip irrigation was prepared using AHP method in the Zanjan plain. For this purpose, selection criteria for the installation of the drip irrigation systems including water quality factors, soil characteristics, topography, economic, social and cultural indicators were considered using the AHP process. Based on land suitability classification map, about 45% of the studied area were classified as suitable and highly suitable, 25% as moderately suitable and 30% as not suitable class for drip irrigation systems. Investigation of the implemented projects showed that 79% of the projects were performed in land with suitable or highly suitable classes and 21% in moderately suitable or not suitable land. The results of this study indicated that using AHP method could be useful in selecting the proper irrigation method by considering the effective criteria.

Rainfall always has been considered as one of the most important variables for estimating the balance of watershed. The evaluation and correction of precipitation data as a supplement to the ground data in Iran, which it most regions is located in arid and semi-arid zone, is necessary. In this study, the precipitation data from 6 synoptic stations in 3 climate of Iran (extra arid, arid and semi-arid) were selected as the basis for the period of 20 years (1998-2017). The satellite monthly precipitation data (TMPA-3B43) was corrected with the multiplicative model, and results were evaluated by using R, MBE, MAE, and RSME indices. Based on uncorrected results, the correlation coefficient (R) varied from 0.79 for Garmsar station to 0.95 for Ramhormoz station. In all three climates, satellite data had overestimated values. After applying the multiplicative model, a seasonal parameter has been obtained for satellite data correction. All evaluation indices, especially the MBE, were significantly reduced after the correction. The lowest values for this error in the corresponding pixels of Garmsar, Boshrouyeh, Saveh stations were reduced to 0.1(spring), 0.4(autumn), and 0.7(winter) respectively. According to the results of the correction parameter in all three studied climates, the highest overestimate was observed in the autumn season. Also, this correction coefficient was 0.64, 0.67, and 0.79 for Qazvin(semi-arid), Garmsar(extra-arid), and Saveh(arid) stations, respectively. Based on the obtained results, the calibration model can be used to correct the seasonal data of the remote sensing in dry regions.

Considering Iran's climate condition, which is one of the arid and semi-arid countries of the world, irrigation planning is a type of management operation to properly determine irrigation time. One of the fastest and most accurate methods to determine the irrigation time is to use plant index.This study aimed to investigate the relationship between leaf color and soil moisture deficiency by LAB color system to determine irrigation time and modeling of water stresses by C5 tree model in zucchini plants with20 irrigation treatments f 100% to 15% with 5% spacing and two non-irrigated treatments ( Control) and over-irrigation (120%).Weight and moisture content of leaves were measured daily for 20 consecutive days and finally results showed that with decreasing moisture, L(Lightness) and B(Blue- yellow) parameters decreased and A(Green-red) increased.Irrigation time was also determined for pumpkin plant, fifth day at L = 68, A = -19 and B = 37.3. On the other hand, using the C5 tree model to predict soil moisture stresses under two scenarios (taking into account the day and not taking into account the day) showed that this model was more accurate with respect to the days of stress application with a value of 95/85. Percentage. Therefore, leaf surface color in LAB color system can be used to determine irrigation time and to determine the amount of stress.

Chemical fertilizers are among the resources that can quickly supply nutrients to the plant, but their continued and high consumption poses environmental hazards such as contamination of surface and ground water and enrichment of water. Therefore, it is best to replace some of the fertilizers with organic fertilizers. Due to the lack of organic matter in most soils of Iran, it is necessary to consume a variety of organic materials such as municipal manure and sewage sludge. In order to understand the effect of using sludge on morphological and physiological characteristics of forage maize crop, an experiment was conducted during spring and winter in two seasons in 1976-96 at a farm east of Mashhad at Olang-Altimur refinery. Is. In this study two irrigation treatments with ordinary water (A) and effluent (B) were applied in three replications using chemical fertilizers (S), animal (D) and processed sludge (L). The results showed that the effect of fertilizers application on plant height, stem diameter, corn ear diameter, chlorophyll a, b, t, leaf area and percentage of maize moisture content in water use and wastewater treatments were significant in the first and second crop season. There was a significant difference between treatments at 5% level and a significant difference between treatments at 1% level. There was no significant difference between AS and AD treatments on plant height, stem diameter, ear diameter and leaf chlorophyll, while no significant difference was observed between BL and BD treatments and the highest percentage of weeding.

In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation levels of deficit irrigation on growth indices of Petunia (Petunia hybrida L.), Coneflower (Rudbeckia fulgida L.), Blanket flower (Gaillardia grandiflora L.), Marigold (Tagetes patula L.), a pot experiment was conducted in a research greenhouse in Mashhad, on 2016. This experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were different irrigation levels (100% field capacity (control), 75% field capacity, 50% field capacity, 25% field capacity) and 4 flower species (Petunia, Coneflower, Blanket flower, Marigold). In this experiment, irrigation treatements were selected so that plants were exposed to non-stress conditions, moderate stress, moderate stress and severe stress. Application of irrigation stress was done using weighted method. Recorded Traits were leaf area index (LAI), plant height, number of flowers, flower mean diameter, flower fresh and dry weigh, leaf fresh and dry weight, lateral branche number, lateral branche fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, root height, bud number, bud fresh and dry weight, stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weight. Results showed that different species and different irrigation treatements and their interactions had significant effect on the traits (p<1%). Comparison of different plant species characteristics showed that coneflower was the most resistant species in terms of plant height, root fresh weight and flower number. In terms of root length, the most resistant species was petunia and marigolod and blanket flower were sensitive. About the number of lateral branches, blanket flower was resistant and coneflower was sensitive. Also, coneflower was resistant and petunia and blanket flower was sensitive in terms of flower number. In terms of mean flower diameter, resistant species was petunia and marigold, blanketflower and coneflower were susceptible.